holes) in the brain that supply nutrients and remove waste. If there is more than one individual in the scenario you must mention all of the characters to get to the top band. EE is a family communication style that involves criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement. Drug therapy is a biological treatment for schizophrenia. But in fact some Schizophrenics are successfully treated whereas others are not. They block dopamine receptors on post-synaptic neurons, meaning that less dopamine is transmitted across the synapse. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Adverse drug reactions experienced by out-patients taking Interactionist Approach: Definition, Evaluation & Example - StudySmarter US The Family of Schizophrenia | Psychology Today Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. This is evidence that the higher the degree of genetic relativeness, the higher the risk of getting schizophrenia. This helps improve the quality of life for schizophrenia sufferers. In other words the illness only manifesters itself under appropriate environmental conditions, genetics was not enough on its own. However, the fact that these people were on medication and having regular meetings with doctors would be expected to have that effect anyway. 3x sold. It is very difficult to separate out the influence of nature-v-nurture. [4 marks], a) this study is about differences between two conditions/groups so the Mann-Whitney is appropriate it is not about correlation/relationship between two variables so Spearman's is not appropriate. It is, therefore, very important to offer the most appropriate and effective type of treatment. Antipsychotic drugs (drugs used to reduce the intensity of the symptoms) are the most common treatment for schizophrenia. Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found . Comorbidity describes people who suffer from two or more mental disorders. A second explanation developed, which suggests that it is not excessive dopamine but that fact that there are more dopamine receptors. All patients are in danger of relapsing but without medication the relapses are more common and more severe which suggests the drugs are effective. Antipsychotic medication will often be used alongside CBT, acknowledging the role that biological and psychological factors play in the disorder. This means that the brains of schizophrenics are lighter than normal. A final weakness of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia is that it is biologically reductionist. Due to the pivotal role of dopamine in schizophrenia this led to a culture of heavy smoking an nicotine addiction in psychiatric hospitals of the era. Help the patient realise it is normal to have negative thoughts in certain situations. blended family a family unit composed of a married couple and their offspring including some from previous marriages. This suggests the doctors had no valid method for detecting schizophrenia. The researchers found that the males had a genetic condition which became later known as "Brunner syndrome" (it is important to note that females only carry this condition, as it only affects the MAOA production gene on the single X chromosome in males). The original version suggested it was due to high levels or activity of dopamine in the subcortex (hyperdopaminergia). Family studies find individuals who have schizophrenia and determine whether their biological relatives are similarly affected more often than non-biological relatives. Family Dysfunction refers to any forms of abnormal processes within a family such as conflict, communication problems, cold parenting, criticism, control and high levels of expressed emotions. Delusions: The most common delusion that people diagnosed with schizophrenia report is that others are trying to harm or kill them delusions of persecution. As the drugs block dopamine activity, they tend to have (sometime severe) side-effects. The family dysfunction explanation is an explanation that sees maladaptive relationships and patterns of communication as a source of stress which influences the development of schizophrenia Book now . They cannot express their feelings about the unfairness of the situation. It is one of the chemicals in the brain which causes neurons to fire. They are then given homework tasks to practice, and keep a record of how it worked. The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. (2003) studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of a gene, called PPP3CC which is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system. Although this study showed that children with a biological parent were still at greater risk even if they had been adopted into families with no history of schizophrenia, all reported cases of schizophrenia occurred in families rated as disturbed. Family therapy is based on the premise that nurture (upbringing) is a significant factor in schizophrenia. [2 marks], - Characteristics of dysfunction eg difficulties in communication, high levels of interpersonal conflict, Evaluate psychological explanations of schizophrenia [16 marks], Briefly discuss two limitations of the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia. Out-dated views that were once accepted are no longer tolerated by families and are now seen as destructive rather than productive, Briefly outline how cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is used to treat schizophrenia and explain one limitation of using CBT to treat schizophrenia. Pharaoh et al. Schizophrenics returning to such a family were more likely to relapse into the disorder than those returning to a family low in EE. Noll (2009) also argues around one third of patients do not respond to drugs which block dopamine so other neurotransmitters may be involved. These might include things as simple as turning up the TV to drown out the voices they were hearing! The ICD-10 (only negative symptoms need to be present) is used worldwide and the DSM-5 (only positive symptoms need to be present) is used in America. The rate of relapse was particularly high if returning to a high EE family was coupled with no medication. MZ twins share 100% of their genes, compared to DZ twins who only share 50% of their genes, so this suggests that genes must have some influence on the development of schizophrenia. Pathophysiology, evaluation and treatment of erectile dysfunction: review article Andrey Biff Sarris 1 , Maki Caroline Nakamura 1 Luiz Gustavo Rachid Fernandes 1 , The researchers used an inferential statistical test to see if there was a significant difference in language rating between the two groups. In addition, they can then predict the outcome of the disorder and suggest related treatment to help the patient. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. MZ twins may have the same genetic vulnerability but can be triggered by different stressors. Boston House, Pederson and Mortensen (Denmark 2001) found Scandanavian villages have very LOW levels of psychosis, but 15 years of living in a city increased risk. This weakens the interactionist explanation. Simply Scholar Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved, Section 1 Diagnosis and Classification of Schizophrenia, Section 2 Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Section 3 Psychological Explanations for Schizophrenia, Section 4 Drug Therapy typical and atypical antipsychotics, Section 5 Psychological Therapies for Schizophrenia, Effective use of terminology (use the technical terms). These symptoms may leave them fearful and withdrawn. 1988) and increased dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen (Owen et al, 1978). They generally have fewer side effects eg. If diagnosis leads to successful treatment, the diagnosis can be seen as valid. Interactionist approaches attempt to explain schizophrenia as a combination of nature (biological) and nurture (environmental) factors. Comorbidities were also found with epilepsy being the . Toyokawa, Et. Neuropsychologist Michael Foster Green suggests that neurocognitive deficits in basic functions such as memory, attention, central executive and problem solving skills may combine to have an outcome which we are labelling Schizophrenia as if it was the cause when in fact it is simply an umbrella term for a set of effects. BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester. Severe side effects Long term use can result in tardive dyskinesia which manifests as involuntary facial movements such as blinking and lip smacking While they may be effective, the severity of the side effects mean the costs outweigh the benefits therefore they are not an appropriate treatment. Slater & Roth (1969) say that hallucinations are the least important of all the symptoms, as they are not exclusive to schizophrenic people. These include reduced levels of emotional expression, disorganised speech and delusions. However the difference only emerged in situations where the adopted family was rated as disturbed. Research evidence from autopsies has shown that schizophrenia sufferers have more dopamine receptors, which may lead to more neural firing and therefore an over production of messages. They engage in no self motivated behavior. Does the low motivation reflect depression or schizophrenia, or both? In CBT, patients may be taught to recognise examples of dysfunctional or delusional thinking, then may receive help on how to avoid acting on these thoughts. Researchers estimate up to 1 percent of adults worldwide have schizophrenia.. What . Refer to one or more typesof family dysfunction in your answer. The basic assumption of CBT is that people often have distorted beliefs which influence their behaviour in maladaptive ways. Substance abuse: Amphetamine and Cannabis and other drugs have also been identified as triggers as they affect serotonin and glutamate levels. C: Consequences what impact does that have on your relationships with others? use a different sampling method, such as random or systematic OR a sample of people with schizophrenia who do not go to a self-help group. The reason for this is because the approach does not consider other factors such as genes. ), empirical (where is the evidence?) One of the most important cognitive theories of schizophrenia is attention deficit theory. found 108 separate genetic variations were associated with increased risk of schizophrenia. Combining treatments is most common in the UK, although it is also sometimes used in the USA. However, the concordance rate for MZ twins is not 100% which suggests that other factors must also be involved. In other words, it doesnt cure schizophrenia, it just helps people get over it. delusions. Social dysfunction and skills in preview & related info | Mendeley Laing and others rejected the medical / biological explanation of mental disorders. Eg. The descriptions follow the same criteria; however you have to use the issues and debates effectively in your answers. Voices are usually heard coming from outside the persons head giving instructions on how to behave. It could be that the problems caused by low neurotransmitters creates the cognitive deficits. They arrest dopamine production by blocking the D2 receptors in synapses that absorb dopamine, in the mesolimbic pathway thus reducing positive symptoms, such as auditory hallucinations. If the distress caused to the child is severe and long-lasting, he/she may . To stabilize the social authority of the doctor and the family. This causes the neurons that use dopamine to fire too often and transmit too many messages. Laing believed that schizophrenia was a result of the interactions between people, especially in families. So in this context it is the occurrence of two illnesses or conditions together; for example, a person has both schizophrenia and a personality disorder. Second, cognitive biases are present when people notice, pay attention to, or remember certain types of information better than other. Education and rapport training: therapist and client work together to improve the effectiveness of the clients own coping strategies and develop new ones. While schizophrenia has a strong genetic component, some individuals with genetic susceptibilities to the disorder nonetheless remain healthy. Older antipsychotics like haloperidol or chlorpromazine may produce side effects Risperidone is another atypical antipsychotic, and is designed to be as effective as Clozapine without the risky side-effects. [2 marks], Evaluate psychological explanations of schizophrenia [16 marks] and more. There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood.
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